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Microbiology is the scientific study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, parasites, and other microbes. It encompasses their structure, function, diversity, ecology, evolution, and applications in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, food science, and biotechnology. Microbiologists investigate the fundamental principles of life at the cellular and molecular level using a combination of techniques from biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics. They also study the interactions between microbes and their hosts or environments, and the impact of these interactions on human health and the environment. Microbiology has led to numerous breakthroughs in medicine, such as the development of antibiotics, vaccines, and diagnostic tests, as well as in biotechnology, such as the production of biofuels, enzymes, and pharmaceuticals. Microbiologists work in various settings, including academia, industry, government, and healthcare, and contribute to solving global challenges related to infectious diseases, food security, climate change, and energy.