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Physiology is the branch of biological science dedicated to understanding how living organisms function at the level of their individual organs and systems, as well as the integration of these processes to maintain life. It encompasses the study of various physiological systems within animals and humans, such as the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, excretory, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems. Physiology also includes the investigation of cellular processes, including metabolism, ion transport, and signal transduction. By understanding the mechanisms that underlie normal physiological function, researchers can gain insights into the causes of disease and develop targeted therapies to improve health outcomes. As such, physiology is a fundamental discipline within zoology, the study of animal life, as well as a critical area of inquiry in the broader field of science.