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Physiology, as part of the Pathology hierarchy within Science and Medicine, studies the functions of living organisms and their parts at different levels of complexity. It explores how cells, tissues, and organs work together to maintain life, respond to challenges, and adapt to changing conditions. Physiology focuses on the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes that underlie these functions, providing crucial insights into normal and abnormal body functioning. By uncovering the underlying principles governing living systems, physiology contributes significantly to both basic research and clinical applications in medicine.