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The Italian Renaissance was an intellectual and artistic movement spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, originating in Florence and later spreading throughout Italy. It marked a significant departure from the Middle Ages, characterized by renewed interest in classical learning, humanism, and scientific discovery. In art, this period saw a shift towards realism, naturalism, and individual expression. Key figures of the Italian Renaissance include artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Donatello, as well as thinkers and writers such as Petrarch and Machiavelli. The movement had far-reaching consequences for Western civilization, influencing literature, philosophy, and politics, and laying the groundwork for the modern era.