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Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects on living organisms, including humans, resulting from exposure to chemicals. It encompasses understanding how toxic substances enter and affect biological systems, as well as the mechanisms underlying their harmful effects. In the context of Earth Science, toxicology can involve studying the environmental impacts of naturally occurring or human-made toxic substances, such as heavy metals, pesticides, or air pollutants, on ecosystems and human health. This includes assessing risks associated with exposure to these substances, developing strategies for monitoring and mitigating their effects, and informing public policy and regulations related to their use and management. As such, toxicology plays a critical role in understanding the complex relationships between chemicals, the environment, and human health, contributing to advancements in fields such as environmental science, medicine, and public health.