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Epigenetics refers to modifications on gene expression that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence itself but can be passed down from one generation to the next. It is an essential aspect of protein synthesis, as it plays a crucial role in determining which genes are expressed and when, ultimately influencing the production of proteins. Epigenetic changes can be caused by various factors such as environment, lifestyle, and aging, making this field a critical link between genetics and the external world. By studying epigenetics, scientists aim to better understand how gene expression is regulated in both health and disease states, paving the way for new therapeutic strategies that target these modifications directly.