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Middle Ages Europe refers to the period in European history that spanned from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 15th century. This era was characterized by feudalism, the rise of the Catholic Church, the spread of Christianity, and significant political, social, and cultural changes. The Middle Ages saw the development of knights, castles, manors, and the establishment of powerful monarchies. It was a time of great turmoil, including invasions, wars, and the bubonic plague, but also marked by artistic and intellectual advancements in architecture, literature, and philosophy.