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Mendelian Genetics refers to the study of how traits are inherited from one generation to the next based on the principles discovered by Gregor Mendel in the 19th century. This branch of genetics focuses on the patterns of inheritance for specific traits controlled by single genes, including dominant and recessive traits, as well as the concept of genetic variability through the combination of alleles from each parent. Mendelian Genetics serves as the foundation for understanding the transmission of genetic information and the genetic basis of variation within populations.