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Luminescence refers to the emission of light not caused by incandescence or heat. It is the process by which certain substances or objects emit light when they are excited by an external energy source such as electricity, heat, or light. Luminescent materials can emit light continuously or glow for a period of time after the excitation source is removed. This phenomenon is commonly observed in various natural and synthetic materials, including certain minerals, gases, and chemicals. Luminescence plays a crucial role in a wide range of applications, including lighting, displays, medical imaging, and environmental monitoring.