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Pathophysiology is the functional changes associated with diseases or injuries, characterized by deviations from the normal physiological state. It encompasses the molecular and cellular alterations, as well as the organ system level dysfunctions that result from genetic, environmental, or behavioral factors. In the context of pediatrics, pathophysiology focuses on understanding these changes in children and adolescents, taking into account their unique developmental stage and physiological characteristics. By exploring the underlying mechanisms of disease, it enables healthcare professionals to develop targeted interventions and treatments for improved patient outcomes.