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Pathophysiology is the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury, characterized by deviations from the normal physiological state. It is an essential component of pathology and serves as the foundation for understanding and diagnosing medical conditions within the broader contexts of science and medicine. By examining the underlying mechanisms and alterations in bodily functions, it provides crucial insights into disease progression, prognosis, and potential therapeutic interventions. Pathophysiology encompasses a wide range of topics including cellular and molecular processes, tissue injury, inflammation, immunological responses, and systemic effects on organs and organ systems. It bridges the gap between pure scientific research and clinical practice, enabling healthcare professionals to effectively manage and treat various health disorders based on sound understanding of their pathogenesis.