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Alleles are specific versions of genes present at certain loci, and they can come in many forms. They are crucial for the study of population genetics as their frequency and distribution within populations can reveal important information about evolutionary processes, genetic diversity, and gene flow. The presence of multiple alleles allows for a greater range of phenotypic expression, contributing to the richness of genetic variation observed in natural populations. By examining the inheritance patterns and interactions among different alleles, researchers can better understand the complex interplay between genetics and environmental factors that shape organisms' traits and fitness.