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Mutations refer to permanent changes in an organism's DNA that can result in variations in traits and characteristics. In the context of genetic engineering, mutations are often deliberately induced through various methods such as radiation, chemicals, or gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9. These intentional mutations can help scientists better understand gene function, develop new crop varieties with desired traits, or create medical treatments that target specific genetic mutations. In the broader categories of science and environmental science, mutations play a crucial role in evolution, biodiversity, and the study of genetic disorders. By examining mutations, researchers can gain insights into the mechanisms of inheritance, gene expression, and population dynamics, ultimately contributing to our understanding of life at the molecular level.