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Climatology is the study of climate, which encompasses long-term patterns of weather and atmospheric conditions across different regions of the Earth. It is concerned with the measurement, analysis, and modeling of temperature, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and other climate variables over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. Climatologists use data from a variety of sources, including weather stations, satellites, and historical records, to understand the complex interactions between Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land surfaces, and living organisms that shape its climate system. As a subfield of geology, climatology is closely linked to the study of Earth's physical structure and history. Climate patterns are influenced by factors such as the planet's rotation, orbit, and tilt, as well as the distribution of continents and oceans. By studying past climate changes, climatologists can gain insights into the mechanisms that drive climate variability and help predict future changes. In addition to its connections with geology, climatology also overlaps with other scientific disciplines such as meteorology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. As a subfield of environmental science, it emphasizes the importance of understanding how human activities, such as deforestation, burning fossil fuels, and land use changes, affect climate patterns and contribute to global warming. In geography, climatology helps explain the distribution of ecosystems, cultures, and economies across different regions. Overall, climatology provides a holistic perspective on Earth's climate system, its variability, and its interactions with other components of the planet.