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Chromosomes are the thread-like structures in the nucleus of cells where genetic material is stored and duplicated. They consist of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins, forming repeating units called nucleosomes. Chromosomes come in pairs, one from each parent, and are essential for the transmission of hereditary information from one generation to another. In the context of Genetic Engineering, chromosomes serve as the physical carriers of genes that can be manipulated through techniques such as gene editing or genetic modification. This process is particularly relevant in Environmental Science where it can be applied to improve crop resilience, address pollution, or mitigate climate change impacts, ultimately advancing the broader field of Science.