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River ecosystems consist of the interactions between living organisms and their physical environment within a river system. These ecosystems are characterized by a diverse array of plant and animal species that have adapted to the flowing water, sediment, and nutrient levels present in rivers. Key components of river ecosystems include fish, insects, plants, and microorganisms, all of which play important roles in maintaining the health and balance of the ecosystem. Rivers are also connected to surrounding terrestrial and aquatic habitats, making them crucial corridors for the movement of species and the exchange of energy and nutrients. Human activities such as pollution, dam construction, and habitat destruction can have significant impacts on river ecosystems, highlighting the importance of conservation and sustainable management practices.