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Judaism in Europe refers to the historical development, practices, beliefs, and cultural traditions of the Jewish faith as it has evolved and been practiced within the continent of Europe. This encompasses a wide range of Jewish communities, including Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews, who have lived in various countries across Europe and have contributed significantly to the cultural, social, and religious landscape of the region. Throughout history, European Jews have faced periods of persecution, discrimination, and expulsion, but have also made significant contributions to art, science, literature, and philosophy. Today, Judaism in Europe continues to be a vibrant and diverse aspect of European society, with thriving Jewish communities in countries such as France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia.