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Cardiac surgery involves the surgical treatment of diseases and conditions affecting the heart. As a medical specialty, it requires extensive knowledge in anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system. Practitioners perform various procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting, valve repair or replacement, and heart transplantation. These surgeons work closely with other medical professionals, including cardiologists, anesthesiologists, and perfusionists, to provide comprehensive care for patients with complex heart conditions. The training for this specialty includes completing medical school, a surgical residency, and fellowship training in cardiac surgery. This field is constantly evolving with advancements in technology and techniques, allowing for improved patient outcomes and quality of life.