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Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system, encompassing electronic elements and devices used in computing systems such as computers, computer implants, and memory storage technologies. It includes internal and external components like motherboards, central processing units (CPUs), graphics cards, random-access memory (RAM), hard drives, flash memory, and peripherals such as keyboards, mice, and monitors. Computer hardware serves as the foundation for computer functionality, providing a platform for software to run on and enabling users to interact with digital systems. The field of computer hardware is continually evolving, driven by advancements in electronics, materials science, and manufacturing technologies, leading to improvements in performance, reliability, and energy efficiency.